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(upbeat music)

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-: Hey everyone, my name is Kim Douthit.

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And today we're gonna be looking at Shakespeare.

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How to break down the text,

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and we're gonna be using the prologue from Romeo and Juliet.

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Now you don't need a whole lot of materials.

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We have the text as you can see available

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right here for you.

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Shakespeare is meant to be performed,

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so I'm gonna ask you to be reading aloud with me,

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so you can read the text aloud.

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If you wanna take any notes, you're welcome to do that,

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grab a writing utensil and something you can write on.

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Now we're going to be breaking down some text today.

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And we're gonna be be using the prologue

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from Romeo and Juliet to do it.

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And one of the reasons why I love the prologue

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from Romeo Juliet, is it lays it all out there for you.

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The entire play is laid out in these lines.

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So we're gonna start by reading these lines aloud,

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so put on your best Shakespearean actor voice and read.

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Two households, both alike in dignity,

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in fair Verona, where we lay our scene,

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from ancient grudge break to new mutiny,

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where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.

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From forth the fatal loins of these two foes

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a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life,

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whose misadventured piteous overthrows

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do with their death bury their parents' strife.

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The fearful passage of their death-marked love

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and the continuance of their parents' rage,

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which, but their children's end, naught could remove,

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is now the two hours' traffic of our stage.

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The which, if you with patient ears attend,

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what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.

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All right, there was a lot of words we just did,

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so well done.

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Let's break this down.

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Now the first thing I always like to do

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when I'm looking at text, is I like to do a little scanning.

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I like to see what the meter we're dealing with is.

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So let's see what kind of meter this is.

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Let's clap out our stressed and unstressed.

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Let's look at our first line,

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two households, both alike in dignity.

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What happens if we try to scan that?

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two households, both alike in dignity,

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in fair Verona, where we lay our scene.

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We've got that nice unstressed, stressed, right?

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And there's 10 syllables.

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So that means we are dealing with text

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that is in iambic pentameter.

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Now we've got some rhyme going on here, don't we?

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We've got dignity and mutiny.

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We have seen and unclean, foes and throws, life and strife.

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So we have ABAB,

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CDCD rhyming scheme.

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What else do we notice?

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At the end here, if we go all the way down to the end,

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we have a little rhyming couplet.

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We have mend, attend.

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And if you look how many lines we have in total.

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There's 14 lines.

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So 14 lines ABAB, CDCD, iambic pentameter.

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Nice little rhyming couplet here at the end.

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We are dealing with a sonnet structure.

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Shakespeare gave us this prologue

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in the structure of a sonnet.

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That's pretty cool.

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Now when I'm first looking at Shakespeare's text,

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I also like to see if there's words that stand out to me.

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The word dignity, that stands out to me.

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Mutiny, oh, that's a fantastic word.

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I love that word.

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Blood, love the word blood.

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It's fun to say blood, say blood, right?

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This is a satisfying word to say.

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Words are one of my favorite things,

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and that's one of the reasons I love Shakespeare so much.

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Let's break this down even further.

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Let's take this line by line.

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So our very first line.

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Two households, both alike in dignity.

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What doe that mean?

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We have two households, which means we have

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two different families, right?

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And now in Shakespeare's time,

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saying something was a household, that didn't just mean

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it was like you, your brother, your mom or your dad.

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It meant the extended family were count to this part

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of your household.

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So cousins, second cousins,

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third cousins five times removed.

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Your servants were also considered part of your household,

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because they served you.

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They served in your households.

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Close family friends, you could also claim

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as part of your household.

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So that means two households,

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that's not just small families.

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These are big, big groups.

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Both alike in dignity, there's that word again.

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I love that word, dignity.

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That tells us a whole lot

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about the families were dealing with.

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These are considered to be upright families.

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These are dignified families.

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If Shakespeare had said two households,

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both alike in shamelessness,

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or two households, both alike in stinkiness.

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It gives us a very different picture

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of what kind of families we're dealing with.

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But he specifically says dignity.

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In fair Verona, where we lay our scene.

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Where does the story take place?

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Not just Verona, fair Verona, lovely Verona.

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Verona is in Italy.

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So we know that our story takes place in Verona, Italy.

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And where we lay our scene.

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It's another interesting way of saying that,

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because it puts forth theater, scene is a theatrical term.

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So we're putting right out there from the beginning.

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Hey man we're watching a play.

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Let's look at our next two lines.

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From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,

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where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.

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Does anything standout to you right away about that?

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Well, for me it's the fact that civil.

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Civil is said twice, right?

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That means it's extra important.

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If Shakespeare is putting a word up there more than once,

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we must pay attention.

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Now the first part of that, from ancient grudge

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break to new mutiny.

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Ancient grudge.

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This is not your neighbor left their garbage on your lawn

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the other day and so you're kind of mad about that.

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Ancient grudge, this grudge goes back.

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Even the word grudge, that tells you a lot

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about how big this is.

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this isn't just a small squabble.

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This is a grudge.

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But new mutiny.

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That means something new started this fresh again, right?

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So we're dealing with a whole new conflict arising.

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And then our second line,

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where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.

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We say the word civil twice.

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And that's interesting because civil can actually have

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more than one meaning.

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The word civil can mean civilized, again, proper, dignified.

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But it also means a conflict that's happening

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between its citizens.

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Between your neighbors, like the Civil War.

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So we have that double meaning going on there.

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And the word blood, again that's Shakespeare talks a lot

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about blood, but it's civil blood, civilized blood

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as well as neighbor's blood,

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make civilized civil hands unclean.

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This new strife is spreading,

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and it's affecting everyone, and it's not civilized.

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Our next lines.

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From forth the fatal loins of these two foes,

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a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life.

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Does anything stand out in here?

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For me, it's that a certain letter is used over and over.

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Can you see what letter that is?

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I see from, forth, fatal, foes.

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Got the letter F being said over and over.

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From, forth, fatal, foes.

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And there's kind of a harshness

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when you say it like that, right?

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Fatal.

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It's another word that stands out to me.

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Play around with the words, play around with the sounds

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and you might notice stuff even further.

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Now if we're looking at the text the whole,

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again what are we talking about?

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From forth the fatal loins of these two foes,

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basically enemies having babies.

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You two different families, the fatal loins,

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they had babies.

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A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life.

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Now star-crossed lovers.

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What does that mean?

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Star-crossed means that it was not something

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that was written in the stars,

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it was fate would not allow it.

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Something that was destined to not be.

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Take their life.

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This is another double meaning.

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Because take their life, could be referring to the fact

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that the children get their life from the enemies

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from the two foes.

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But it could also mean that's a little bit of a spoiler,

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and I'm sorry if I'm spoiling a 400-year-old play for you,

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but at the end of the play Romeo and Juliet

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do take their own life.

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So we have that nice dual meaning.

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Our next line.

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Whose misadventured piteous overthrows

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do with their death bury their parents' strife.

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I love the word piteous.

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Always stands out to me right away.

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Piteous, you have that nice plosive sound on the P that pop.

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But what are we saying there?

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Misadventured, meaning that there's gonna be some struggle.

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Piteous overthrows, they're trying to get together

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and they can't.

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Do with their death, bury their parents' strife.

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The only thing that is going to bury their parents' strife,

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make them bury the hatchet is their death.

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So that also tells you this is not a romantic comedy,

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the lovers are gonna die, it's gonna be sad.

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The fearful passage of their death-marked love,

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and the continuance of their parents' rage.

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Which, but their children's end naught could remove

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is now the two hours' traffic of our stage.

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So let's look at that whole little chunk right there.

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So a lot is happening right there.

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Now fearful passage.

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That's a really interesting phrase.

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It tells you that the love had danger.

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There's a little bit of danger to it.

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But fearful passage, that's another way

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in Shakespeare's time to say that something was exciting.

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So this fearful passage,

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the continuance of their parents' rage.

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It's another great word, rage.

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Their parents' rage was gonna continue

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and the only thing again that would remove it

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that naught could remove was their children's end.

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So we're bringing back home that the parents

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only will bury the hatchet when their children die.

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Is now the two hours' traffic of our stage.

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It's again putting it out there.

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You're about to watch a play.

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You're gonna see all of this play out

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over the next couple hours on our stage right here.

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We have our little rhyming couplet at the end.

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The which, if you with patient ears attends,

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what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.

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What does that mean?

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Patient ear.

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patient ears, that's something I'm sure

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all of your teachers, and maybe sometimes your parents

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hope that you're doing, it means listening.

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So if you listen to our play,

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and again, listen to our play,

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not watch our play, but hear this story.

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What here shall miss,

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anything you might've missed or you didn't get

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from this prologue, you're gonna find out,

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they're gonna mend that,

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they're gonna show it to you over the rest of the play.

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So over the next two hours

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if you listen, anything that doesn't makes sense,

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we're gonna clear up for you,

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we're gonna tell you that story.

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Shakespeare is a master at laying things out.

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He painted this fabulous, fabulous picture for us,

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because we know everything we need to know

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about the play in this prologue.

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Who are we dealing with?

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Two households, the Montagues and the Capulets, right?

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What are we dealing with?

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We have two families who hate each other,

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and their kids fall in love.

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And because of their star-crossed love

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in trying to get together, the kids don't make it.

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They take their own life

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and so the parents bury the hatchet.

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where are we?

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We're in Verona.

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When are we?

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Now originally, Shakespeare intended the play

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to take place about 100 years prior.

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But if any of you've seen West Side Story

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or any of the other adaptions,

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this is a universal story.

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It can be in the here and now.

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Why do we tell the story?

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Because of what happens and have these grudges.

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Nothing good ever comes from it.

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A lot of sadness, it's an important lesson

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that we have to keep saying.

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So now we've broken everything down.

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Hopefully this makes a little bit more sense to you.

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Let's try reading it one more time.

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Two households, both alike in dignity,

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in fair Verona, where we lay our scene,

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from ancient grudge break to new mutiny,

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where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.

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From forth the fatal loins of these two foes

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a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life

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whose misadventured piteous overthrows

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do with their death, bury their parents' strife.

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The fearful passage of their death-marked love

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and the continuance of their parents' rage,

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which, but there children's end, naught could remove

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is now the two hours' traffic of our stage.

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The which, if you with patient ears attend,

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what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.

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So anytime you have text, particularly Shakespeare text,

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or poetry, or any kind of verse that you look at

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and say ah, this is a lot,

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you break it down into smaller chunks.

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You look for words that stand out,

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words that are familiar to you.

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And pretty soon everything is a whole lot clearer.

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This is something you can apply to any text,

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it's why I like using this method.

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Thank you all for playing with some words with me today

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and reading a little bit of Shakespeare.

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I hope you learned a little bit.

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My name is Kim Douthit and I hope you have a wonderful day.

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(upbeat music)